Crowd Modeling using Temporal Association Rules

Understanding crowd behavior has attracted tremendous attention from researchers over the years. In this work, we propose an unsupervised approach for crowd scene modeling and anomaly detection using association rules mining. Using object tracklets, we identify events occurring in the scene, demonstrated by the paths or routes objects take while traversing the scene. Allen\u27s interval-based temporal logic is used to extract frequent temporal patterns from the scene. Temporal association rules are generated from these frequent temporal patterns. Our goal is to understand the scene grammar, which is encoded in both the spatial and spatio-temporal patterns. We perform anomaly detection and test the method on a well-known public data

Use of Chorionic Villous Sampling for Prenatal Diagnosis of Beta Thalassaemia: Attitudes and Practices of Parents

To assess the attitudes and practices of parents of Beta-Thalassaemia Major children regarding Chorionic Villous Sampling (CVS), as prenatal diagnosis in subsequent pregnancies.Methods: In this cross-sectional study a pre-designed questionnaire was used to evaluate the socio-demographic profile and attitudes of parents of 210 registered thalassaemic children, regarding CVS.Only those parents who had one or more pregnancies after the index case were included in the study. Results were entered and analyzed on SPSS version 20.Results: After the index case, 36.2% parents underwent CVS in all subsequent pregnancies . The common reasons not to utilize this facility were lack of knowledge (47.7%), careless attitude (41.7%), family pressure (4.4%) and financial issues (1.5%). Religious reason was not found in any of the cases. Majority of the families (54.3%) belonged to lower middle class financial status. There was a significant association between CVS practice and educational level of the mother and genetic counselling at the time of diagnosis of index case. In future pregnancies, 52.8% parents had no planning, while 15.7% showed interest in undergoing CVS in next pregnancies.Conclusion: Despite the availability of CVS in the country, very few families had opted for it; the major reasons being lack of knowledge, careless attitude and family pressure. As against the common thought, religious reason was not a significant factor

Procedural Management Based Marketing Strategies for Lays Chips Company in Pakistan

This paper mainly focuses on the marketing strategy of lays company in Pakistan. Lays is a potato chips manufacturing company operating all over the world with huge marketing setup in Pakistan. To define a business model, it must be a set of strategies and plans, which any business adapt to making the market share and the market place. A business should choose the strategies which define itself different from the competitors. In this study, we will discuss lays chips digitalization that how this chips company is offering its services digitally through social media platforms in Pakistan. Value proposition also involved primarily in the lays company in the shape of chips packaging, discounts, more wide range of customer attractive strategies and tours in a very comfortable way. This research also focuses giving best ever potato chips in Asian regions.&nbsp

Quality of life among patients undergoing decompressive craniectomy for traumatic brain injury using glasgow outcome scale extended and quality of life after brain injury scale

Objective: To assess quality of life of patients who underwent decompressive craniectomy (DC) for traumatic brain injury and satisfaction of caregivers with outcomes.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care urban center in Pakistan. All patients with severe traumatic brain injury who underwent DC and survived \u3e6 months were included. Outcomes were assessed using 2 scales: Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended and Quality of Life After Traumatic Brain Injury (QOLIBRI). The proforma was translated and validated into the national language. Patient caregivers were interviewed to ask if they would opt for DC in a similar situation in future.Results: The study comprised 40 patients, including 35 male (88%) and 5 female (12%) patients. Mean age of patients was 26.5 ± 9.5 years. Mean Glasgow Coma Scale score at presentation was 8.34 ± 3.22. Median follow-up was 12 months (range, 6-18 months). Mean Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended score was 5.35 ± 1.9, which correlates with an unfavorable outcome. Mean QOLIBRI score was 59.65 ± 21.27. Family members of 38 (95%) patients were content with their decision to give consent for DC in their patients. Spearman correlation for different domains of QOLIBRI and Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended was statistically significant for all parameters except social relationship.Conclusions: Mean QOLIBRI score of patients undergoing DC was 59.65 ± 21.27. Most caregivers (95%) were satisfied with their decision to consent for DC. Patient-reported health-related quality of life assessment is necessary to assess impact of traumatic brain injury

Factors associated with seropositivity of Hepatitis B & C: A case control study at Azad Jammu and Kashmir

OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors associated with seropositivity of hepatitis B and C at Azad Jammu and Kashmir  STUDY DESIGN: Case Control study.  SETTING AND DURATION: Department of Gastroenterology Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Hospital/ AK Combined Military Hospital Rawalakot, from 1s tJanuary 2021 to 30th June 2021. METHODOLOGY: This study involved 173 patients suffering from Hepatitis B or C.144 age and gender matched healthy controls was enrolled from within the hospital. Detailed socio-demographic proforma was filled by both the cases and controls which included all the relevant factors. Pearson chi-square test was applied to look for statistically significant difference in factors associated with seropositivity of hepatitis B and C among cases and controls.  RESULTS:  A totalof 317 participants were included in the study. 144 were healthy controls and 173 were patients suffering from hepatitis B and C. 149 (86.1%) had hepatitis C while 24 (13.9%) had hepatitis B. Mean age of the study participants were 36.95±3.19 years. Marital status, positive family history of hepatitis B and C and history of surgery or dental procedure had statistically significant relationship with seropositivity of Hepatitis B and C (p-value<0.05)  CONCLUSION: Individuals who were married or had anybody in family positive for hepatitis B and C were more at risk of having these infections. In this study dental procedures, surgeries and family history of these infections have highest incidence of risk factors associated with HCV & HBV infections

Role of early contrast enhanced CT scan in severity prediction of acute pancreatitis

Abstract Severe pancreatitis occurs in approximately 15-25% of patients with acute pancreatitis. The objective of our study was to compare the CTSeverity Index (CTSI) with a clinical score (BISAP score) to predict severity of acute pancreatitis. Forty-eight consecutive patients with acutepancreatitis who underwent contrast enhanced CT scan within 72 hours of presentation were included. Results of our study showed that both CTSI and BISAP score were reliable predictors of mortality (p value = 0.019 and \u3c0.001 respectively) and need for mechanical ventilation (p value = .002 and .006 respectively). Positive predictive value of CTSI to predict recovery without intervention was 91.4% as compared to 78% for that of BISAP score. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) Curves showed CT scan was superior to BISAP Score in predicting need of percutaneous or surgical intervention. Early CT scan may be utilized for prediction of clinical course of patients with acute pancreatitis

Determination of factors associated with critical weight loss in oral cavity carcinoma patients: A retrospective cohort study.

Introduction  Critical weight loss is defined as an unintentional weight loss of ≥ 5% at 1 month or ≥ 10% at 6 months from the start of treatment. Critical weight loss leads to deterioration of the immune function and reduced tolerance to treatment (surgery ± radiochemotherapy) as well as increased complication rates. Objective  Critical weight loss, defined as a weight loss of ≥ 5% after 1 month or ≥ 10% after 6 months from the start of treatment, is not uncommon in head and neck cancer patients. We aimed to assess the factors associated with critical weight loss during the treatment of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma patients. Methods  A retrospective cohort study was performed at the Aga Khan University Hospital, in Karachi, Pakistan, on 125 patients. Patients receiving adjuvant therapy were considered exposed, and the outcome was critical weight loss. Results  The mean age of presentation was 46.9 ± 12.8 years in patients undergoing surgery and adjuvant therapy, with 119 (79.3%) of them being male and 31 (20.7%) female. One hundred and twelve patients (81.3%) developed critical weight loss at 6 months from the start of treatment, and the only significant variable associated with critical weight loss was the stage of the disease ( p  = 0.03). Conclusion  A large proportion of patients with oral cancer developed critical weight loss requiring a need for intervention. The overall stage of the disease is a significant predictor of critical weight loss in patients undergoing treatment

The Improvement in Kyphotic Angle after Anterior Decompression and Cage Placement in Tuberculosis of Thoraco-lumbar Spine

Background: Musculoskeletal Tuberculosis is a rare form of TB comprising only 3% of all Tuberculosis patients. The commonest and most dangerous form of Tuberculosis, Spinal Tuberculosis accounts for 50% of all cases of musculoskeletal Tuberculosis. The anterior decompression with cage alone without added instrumentation with bone graft is cost effective as compared to added instrumentation in patients of third world countries.Objective: To determine the improvement in terms of mean change in postoperative kyphotic angle after anterior decompression and cage placement with bone graft in tuberculosis of Thoraco-lumbar spine.Materials and Methods: The Quasi Experimental study was conducted in the Department of Orthopaedics and Spine of Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital, Lahore from 1st May 2014 to 31st Apr 2016.60 patients who qualify the inclusion criteria were included. All patients underwent anterior decompression and placement of Inter body Titanium Mesh Cage with packed bone graft. Pre, Post-operative and follow-up lateral view x-rays were taken to check and record the post operative change in kyphotic angle as well as loss in follow up. All the patients were followed for at least 1 year. Boston brace was applied for at least 6 months. Data was analyzed using SPSS 17.0Results: There were 38 (63.3%) males and 22 (36.7%) females. The patients aged between 15 – 30 years were 32 (53.3%), those between aged 31 – 45 years were 15 (25%) and between 46 – 60 years there were 13 (21.7%). There were 10 (16.6%) patients with 0 – 10 degree improvement, 36 (60%) patients with 11 – 20 degree improve-ment and 14 (23.4%) patients with 21 – 30 degree improvement. Paired t-test result for change in angle is p = 0.000 which is statistically significant.Conclusion: Anterior decompression with Standalone Titanium mesh cage and bone graft in patients suffering from caries spine showed immediate post operative improvement in kyphotic angle as well as no significant loss in correction in follow-up